The European Central Bank is expected to lift its main interest rate by a quarter-point to 2.25% on 11 June, in what would be its first hike in almost three years. The move reflects alarm at a jump in eurozone inflation to 3.2% in May, the highest since September 2023 and the third consecutive month above the 2% medium-term target. Energy costs, up 10.9% year-on-year, have been fuelled by geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, notably the conflict involving Iran, which has kept oil prices elevated.

Concerns are mounting far beyond Frankfurt. Analysts at JP Morgan have warned that the retreat from tight monetary policy may have been premature, and that interest rates could climb again in 2026. A combination of stubborn geopolitical risks, costlier energy, and a more resilient global economy than forecast has altered the inflation trajectory that central banks had begun to take for granted. The investment bank’s note has unsettled investors who had already priced in a prolonged easing cycle.

In the United States, the week’s data releases will test the Federal Reserve’s recent cautious rhetoric. Consumer price index figures for May are due on 10 June, with producer prices following a day later. Fed officials have sounded more conservative in recent remarks, and these numbers could determine whether the pause in rate cuts extends into the autumn. Meanwhile, Brazil will publish its own IPCA inflation gauge, with local markets split on whether the central bank can sustain its easing path.

The synchronous uptick in price pressures across major economies leaves policymakers with little room for error. While supply-side shocks emanating from the Middle East are partly to blame, robust demand in some regions suggests inflation may prove stickier than anticipated. For now, the ECB appears set to act first, but the week’s data could shift the calculus in Washington and Brasília alike.