On July 31, US President Donald Trump announced that Hamas had agreed to a 15-point roadmap for implementing the next phases of his Gaza peace initiative, which would entail the complete disarmament of Hamas and other armed groups, a phased Israeli withdrawal from the Strip, and the assumption of civilian and security governance by the Palestinian technocratic body known as the National Committee for the Administration of Gaza (NCAG), backed by an International Stabilization Force. Trump described the agreement as a "great breakthrough" and said Israel was "very satisfied" with the deal, adding that the process would face "ups and downs."

Despite Trump’s optimism, both Israeli and Hamas officials signalled that key disagreements remain over implementation. An Israeli official told Reuters that Israel would not withdraw troops from the current military demarcation line — which, according to CNN Brasil, has consumed at least 4 percent of Gaza’s territory beyond what was agreed in the October ceasefire — without what it described as a genuine disarmament process by Hamas. Israeli Police Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir rejected the draft agreement outright, saying Israel should continue targeting Hamas leaders. A senior Hamas official involved in the negotiations told Reuters that implementation would depend on Israel first halting military operations, withdrawing its forces as previously agreed under the Sharm el-Sheikh Protocol, and increasing humanitarian aid flows. Another Hamas official, Ghazi Hamad, described the proposed deal as "difficult and painful" but said the group was prepared to accept it if Israel implemented the first phase of the earlier agreement; under Hamas’s interpretation, heavy weapons would be placed in storage under NCAG supervision, not handed to Israel. Israel’s government has not formally endorsed the roadmap.

The plan faces at least five major challenges, according to analysis in the Jerusalem Post. Verification of Hamas’s disarmament is the most problematic obstacle, as the group could hide portions of its arsenal; the proposed International Verification Committee would need to certify compliance before each phase can proceed. Sequencing disputes are likely, since the agreement links Israeli withdrawal directly to the decommissioning process under international supervision. The NCAG must establish legitimacy among Palestinians while restoring devastated infrastructure and working with Israel, the US and international donors. The International Stabilization Force, which currently lacks sufficient personnel, may struggle with a mission that extends beyond traditional peacekeeping — a risk illustrated by UNIFIL’s difficulties in Lebanon. CNN Brasil noted that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu faces domestic pressure from rivals such as Gadi Eisenkott, who called the deal a surrender, alongside US warnings that Trump would be "very, very disappointed" if Israel failed to comply.

Under the roadmap, a precise timetable and implementation mechanisms must be drawn up within fourteen days of all parties approving the text, a deadline that can be extended by the verification commission. The commission, composed of representatives of guarantor countries, the Board of Peace and the International Stabilization Force, will certify each side’s compliance before the next phase begins. US officials have not set a final date for completing disarmament; according to the roadmap, processing heavy weapons, depots, production sites and tunnels could take between 200 and 350 days. The entire process remains conditional on mutual adherence to verified commitments, with UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres urging all parties to implement the roadmap without delay or attempts to undermine it.